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The biodiversity crisis.

The biodiversity crisis. 

The loss of species and habitats is thought to pose as much danger to life on Earth as global warming does. The UN warns that a million plant and animal species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades unless rapid action is taken now.

Extinction is part of the evolutionary process - some species die away as others evolve. The problem is species are currently becoming extinct far more rapidly than is usual in evolutionary history. Scientists estimate species extinction is happening between 1,000 and 10,000 times faster than the normal "background rate". They warn the world is experiencing an extinction event comparable in scale with the disaster that saw the dinosaurs wiped out.

This matters because biodiversity underpins so much of the functioning of the natural world - from the food we eat to the air we breathe and the water we drink. It also helps protect us from pollution, floods and climate breakdown.

But UN negotiations to stem the tide of extinction in Geneva earlier this year ended in deadlock. This week delegates meet in Nairobi to try to reboot the talks. The aim is to agree 21 targets, including protecting at least 30% of the world's land and seas by 2030.

The hope is to provide a framework for a landmark international agreement under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity that will be signed by governments in Kunming in October. The ultimate goal could hardly be more lofty - for humanity to "live in harmony with nature" by 2050.

20% of Reptiles Threatened - 2022

One in five reptiles is threatened with extinction, according to the first comprehensive assessment of more than 10,000 species across the world.

Scientists are calling for urgent conservation action for crocodiles and turtles, which are in a particularly dire situation.

They say reptiles have long been overlooked in conservation, because they are seen as less charismatic than "furry and feathery" creatures.

So far, 31 species have gone extinct.

The study, published in Nature, took more than 15 years to complete, because of problems getting funding for the work.

"Reptiles to many people are not charismatic and there's been a lot more focus on more furry, feathery species of vertebrates for conservation," said Dr Bruce Young of the international nature organisation, NatureServe.

- The venomous king cobra is in decline because of deforestation and human persecution

- Geckos are vanishing in parts of the world due to wildlife trade

- The mugger crocodile: Threatened by habitat destruction and human conflict

- Jamaican iguana: Reptiles on islands face risks from invasive species and sea level rise

Despite their low publicity profile, the cold-blooded vertebrates play an essential role in the balance of life.

"Reptiles are good for people because they help control pests such as insects and rodents," said Prof Blair Hedges of Temple University in Philadelphia, US.

Turkey's Erdogan warns Muslims against birth control

 
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has called on Muslims to reject contraception and have more children.
 
In a speech broadcast live on TV, he said "no Muslim family" should consider birth control or family planning.
"We will multiply our descendants," said Mr Erdogan, who became president in August 2014 after serving as prime minister for 12 years.
His AK Party has its roots in Islamism and many of its supporters are conservative Muslims.
 
In Monday's speech in Istanbul, the Turkish leader placed the onus on women, particularly on "well-educated future mothers", to not use birth control and to ensure the continued growth of Turkey's population.
 
Mr Erdogan himself is a father of four. He has previously spoken out against contraception, describing it as "treason" when speaking at a wedding ceremony in 2014. He has also urged women to have at least three children, and has said women cannot be treated as equal to men.
 
Turkey's fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe and the country's relatively young population (compared with other European countries) is still growing. The population is just under 80 million. Additionally, there may be as many as 10 to 20 million Turks living in Europe. The United Nations Population Fund says Turkey has a "substantial" unmet need for quality family planning. One fifth of married women use abortion as a way of controlling their fertility, it says.
 

Islands, land disappearing because of global warming and rising sea levels - 2016

Five of the Solomon Islands have submerged underwater and six more have experienced a dramatic reduction in shoreline due to man-made climate change, according to a paperpublished in the journal Environmental Research Letters.

The Solomon Islands, a sovereign country consisting of a network of picturesque, tropical islands located in the Pacific Ocean, has a population of a little more than 500,000 people, according to census data published in 2009, many of whom have been adversely affected by rising sea levels in recent years.

Ten houses from one island were washed away at sea between 2011 and 2014, according to the study, which asserts that the rising sea levels affecting the Solomon Islands are caused by the warming of the planet.

The research, which was conducted by Australian scientists, bears implications that are likely to reverberate far beyond the turquoise shores of Oceania.

Male and Female Songbirds in the Spring!

Male and female songbirds in the Spring
Male and female songbirds in the Spring

Male and Female Songbirds in the Spring!

Male and female songbirds in the Spring

Let's do the right thing so we never have a silent spring!

Earth entering new extinction phase

 

The Earth  is entering a new extinction phase

The dried out sea bed of the Soyang River in Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, northeastern South Korea, 16 June 2015

   Climate change and deforestation are among the reasons we may be facing an extinction event

Populations of some of the world's largest wild animals are dwindling, raising the threat of an "empty landscape", say scientists.

 

About 60% of giant herbivores - plant-eaters - including rhinos, elephants and gorillas, are at risk of extinction, according to research.

Analysis of 74 herbivore species, published in Science Advances, blamed poaching and habitat loss.

A previous study of large carnivores showed similar declines.

Prof William Ripple, of Oregon State University, led the research looking at herbivores weighing over 100kg, from the reindeer up to the African elephant.

"This is the first time anyone has analysed all of these species as a whole," he said.

"The process of declining animals is causing an empty landscape in the forest, savannah, grasslands and desert."

The threatened mountain zebra

The threatened mountain zebra

Prof David Macdonald, of Oxford University's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, was among the team of 15 international scientists.

"The big carnivores, like the charismatic big cats or wolves, face horrendous problems from direct persecution, over-hunting and habitat loss, but our new study adds another nail to their coffin - the empty larder," he said.

"It's no use having habitat if there's nothing left to eat in it."

According to the research, the decline is being driven by a number of factors including habitat loss, hunting for meat or body parts, and competition for food and resources with livestock.

World wildlife populations halved in 40 years

tiger-nepal-critically_endangered.jpg In Nepal, habitat loss and hunting have reduced tigers from 100,000 a century ago to just 3,000. The global loss of species is even worse than previously thought, the London Zoological Society (ZSL) says in its new Living Planet Index. The report suggests populations have halved in 40 years, as new methodology gives more alarming results than in a report two years ago. The report says populations of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish have declined by an average of 52%. Populations of freshwater species have suffered an even worse fall of 76%.

2014 Rarest Birds

The 100 most distinct and rare birds

Philippine's eagle: The Philippine's eagle is at number eight
philippines-eagle.jpg

The world's 100 most distinctive and endangered birds have been determined.

Scientists in the UK and US chose the birds based on their rarity, but also how distinctive their appearance, behaviour and evolutionary history was.

The list of birds contains several of the world's largest and most striking, as well as other unusual species threatened with extinction.

Included are the tooth-billed pigeon, known as the little dodo, the Philippine's eagle and a type of kiwi.

Scientists at the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), UK and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, US created the list as part of the EDGE of Existence programme, which seeks to document the most uniquely vulnerable species on the planet.

Details of the exercise are published in the journal Current Biology.
giant-ibis.jpg
Giant ibis. The giant ibis stands tall at the top of the list
At number one is a bird called the giant ibis.

The largest member of the ibis and spoonbill family, the giant ibis stands over a metre tall, weighs 4.2kg and is the national bird of Cambodia. Despite this, fewer than 230 pairs remain.

Large carnivore species in decline

More than three quarters of large carnivore species are now in decline. Three quarters of the world's big carnivores - including lions, wolves and bears - are in decline, says a new study. A majority now occupy less than half their former ranges according to data published in the journal, Science. The loss of this habitat and prey and persecution by humans has created global hotspots of decline. The researchers say the loss of these species could be extremely damaging for ecosystems the world over. The authors say that in the developed world, most carnivorous animals have already succumbed to extinction. When they looked at 31 big meat eaters, they found that they were under increasing pressure in the Amazon, South East Asia, southern and East Africa. "Globally, we are losing our large carnivores," said lead author Prof William Ripple from Oregon State University. "Their ranges are collapsing. Many of these animals are at risk of extinction, either locally or globally." The researchers say their work highlights the important ecological role of many of these carnivores. When they looked at wolves and cougars in Yellowstone National Park in the US, they found that having fewer of these big predators resulted in an increase in animals that browse such as elk and deer. While this might seem like good news, the researchers found that the rise of these browsers is bad for vegetation and disrupts the lives of birds and small mammals, leading to a cascade of damaging impacts. Similar effects were seen all over the world.

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